References
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[i] Thompson, Carol. "Introduction." In The empire of Mali. New York: Franklin Watts, 1998. 6.
[ii] "Mali." In Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia. 15th ed. -: Encyc. Britannica, 1998
[iii] Newman, Garfield, and Elizabeth Graham. "The Islamic Middle East and Africa." In Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001. 282-284.
[iv] Thompson, Carol. 11
[v] Thompson, Carol. 12
[vi] Thompson, Carol. 12
[vii] "Mali Empire and Djenne Figures." National Museum of African Art / Smithsonian Institution. http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/resources/mali/ (accessed April 7, 2013).
[ii] "Mali." In Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia. 15th ed. -: Encyc. Britannica, 1998
[iii] Newman, Garfield, and Elizabeth Graham. "The Islamic Middle East and Africa." In Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001. 282-284.
[iv] Thompson, Carol. 11
[v] Thompson, Carol. 12
[vi] Thompson, Carol. 12
[vii] "Mali Empire and Djenne Figures." National Museum of African Art / Smithsonian Institution. http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/resources/mali/ (accessed April 7, 2013).
Geography
[i] Widmaier, Brooks . "Geography of Ancient Mali." fcps.edu. worldhistorythomas.wetpaint.com/page/Ancient+Mali (accessed April 5, 2013).
[ii]"Mali Breakout - Geography." Mali, PWNET. http://mali.pwnet.org/geography/geography_location.htm (accessed April 5, 2013).
[iii]Widmaier, Brooks .
[vi]"Mali Breakout - Geography."
[v] Widmaier, Brooks .
[vi] Briney, Amanda. "Sahara Desert" Geography Home Page - Geography at About.com. http://geography.about.com/od/locateplacesworldwide/a/saharadesert.htm (accessed April 6, 2013).
[vii]"Sahel (region, Africa) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516438/Sahel (accessed April 5, 2013).
[viii] Widmaier, Brooks .
[ix] Widmaier, Brooks .
[x] Tesfu, Julianna. "Mali Empire (ca. 1200- )." The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2013. <http://www.blackpast.org/?q=gah/mali-empire-ca-1200>.
[xi] Tesfu, Julianna.
[ii]"Mali Breakout - Geography." Mali, PWNET. http://mali.pwnet.org/geography/geography_location.htm (accessed April 5, 2013).
[iii]Widmaier, Brooks .
[vi]"Mali Breakout - Geography."
[v] Widmaier, Brooks .
[vi] Briney, Amanda. "Sahara Desert" Geography Home Page - Geography at About.com. http://geography.about.com/od/locateplacesworldwide/a/saharadesert.htm (accessed April 6, 2013).
[vii]"Sahel (region, Africa) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia." Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516438/Sahel (accessed April 5, 2013).
[viii] Widmaier, Brooks .
[ix] Widmaier, Brooks .
[x] Tesfu, Julianna. "Mali Empire (ca. 1200- )." The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2013. <http://www.blackpast.org/?q=gah/mali-empire-ca-1200>.
[xi] Tesfu, Julianna.
Origins and Early History
[i] "Mali." In Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia. 15th ed. -: Encyc. Britannica, 1998
[ii] Thompson, Carol. 11
[iii] Thompson, Carol. 11
[iv] "Mali" Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia
[v] "Mali" Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia
[vi]Thompson, Carol. 15
[vii] Khalil, Polyxeni . "Kingdom of Mali." Then Again. . .. http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/africa/Mali.html (accessed April 6, 2013).
[viii] Thompson, Carol. 15
[ix] Thompson, Carol. 15
[x] Thomas. "Ancient Mali." Mr. Thomas' World History Class. http://worldhistorythomas.wetpaint.com/page/Ancient+Mali (accessed April 6, 2013).
[xi] Thomas
[xii] Thomas
[xiii] Thomas
[xiv] "Mali" Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia
[xv] Thompson, Carol. 15
[xvi] Thompson, Carol. 22
[xvii] Thompson, Carol. 23
[xviii] Newman, Garfield, and Elizabeth Graham. 282-284.
[xix] Thompson, Carol. 38
[xx] Thompson, Carol. 38
[xxi] Thompson, Carol. 39
[xxii] Thompson, Carol. 39
[xxiii] Thompson, Carol. 39
[xxiv] Ortiz , Erik. "King Mansa Musa of Mali named richest person of all time." Daily News America - NY Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/king-mansa-musa-named-richest-history-article-1.1186261 (accessed April 6, 2013).
[xxv] Thompson, Carol. 40
[xxvi] Khalil, Polyxeni .
[ii] Thompson, Carol. 11
[iii] Thompson, Carol. 11
[iv] "Mali" Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia
[v] "Mali" Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia
[vi]Thompson, Carol. 15
[vii] Khalil, Polyxeni . "Kingdom of Mali." Then Again. . .. http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/africa/Mali.html (accessed April 6, 2013).
[viii] Thompson, Carol. 15
[ix] Thompson, Carol. 15
[x] Thomas. "Ancient Mali." Mr. Thomas' World History Class. http://worldhistorythomas.wetpaint.com/page/Ancient+Mali (accessed April 6, 2013).
[xi] Thomas
[xii] Thomas
[xiii] Thomas
[xiv] "Mali" Encyclopedia Britannica Vol.7 K-M Micropedia
[xv] Thompson, Carol. 15
[xvi] Thompson, Carol. 22
[xvii] Thompson, Carol. 23
[xviii] Newman, Garfield, and Elizabeth Graham. 282-284.
[xix] Thompson, Carol. 38
[xx] Thompson, Carol. 38
[xxi] Thompson, Carol. 39
[xxii] Thompson, Carol. 39
[xxiii] Thompson, Carol. 39
[xxiv] Ortiz , Erik. "King Mansa Musa of Mali named richest person of all time." Daily News America - NY Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/king-mansa-musa-named-richest-history-article-1.1186261 (accessed April 6, 2013).
[xxv] Thompson, Carol. 40
[xxvi] Khalil, Polyxeni .
Religion
[i] Thompson, Carol. 25-26
[ii] Thompson, Carol. 26
[iii] Thompson, Carol. 26
[iv] Thompson, Carol. 26
[v] Thompson, Carol. 26
[vi] Thompson, Carol. 29
[vii] Thompson, Carol. 29
[viii] Thompson, Carol. 30
[ix] Thompson, Carol. 30
[x] "What was the religion of the Mali Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries." The Q&A wiki. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_religion_of_the_Mali_Empire_during_the_13th_and_14th_centuries (accessed April 6, 2013).
[xi] Thompson, Carol. 40
[xii] Thompson, Carol. 41
[xiii] Thompson, Carol. 42
[xiv] Thompson, Carol. 42
[xv] Thompson, Carol. 42
[xvi] Thompson, Carol. 42
[ii] Thompson, Carol. 26
[iii] Thompson, Carol. 26
[iv] Thompson, Carol. 26
[v] Thompson, Carol. 26
[vi] Thompson, Carol. 29
[vii] Thompson, Carol. 29
[viii] Thompson, Carol. 30
[ix] Thompson, Carol. 30
[x] "What was the religion of the Mali Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries." The Q&A wiki. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_religion_of_the_Mali_Empire_during_the_13th_and_14th_centuries (accessed April 6, 2013).
[xi] Thompson, Carol. 40
[xii] Thompson, Carol. 41
[xiii] Thompson, Carol. 42
[xiv] Thompson, Carol. 42
[xv] Thompson, Carol. 42
[xvi] Thompson, Carol. 42
Economy
[i]Thompson, Carol. 30
[ii] Khalil, Polyxeni
[iii] Khalil, Polyxeni
[iv]Thompson, Carol. 30
[v] Thompson, Carol. 31
[vi] Thompson, Carol. 31
[vii] Thompson, Carol. 32-33
[viii] Thompson, Carol. 32
[ix] Thompson, Carol. 33
[x] Thompson, Carol. 35
[xi] Thompson, Carol. 36
[xii] Thompson, Carol. 36
[xiii] "History:The Mali Empire." Mali:Crossroads to Ancient Africa. http://mali.pwnet.org/history/history_mali_empire.htm (accessed April 7, 2013)
[xiv] Newman, Garfield, and Elizabeth Graham. 282-284.
[xv] "History:The Mali Empire."
[xvi]Donn. "Ancient African Kingdom of Mali ." Ancient & Modern Africa for Kids. http://africa.mrdonn.org/mali.html (accessed April 7, 2013).
[xvii] Thompson, Carol. 36-37
[xviii] Kash. "Empires of Ghana and Mali." Mr. Kash's History Page. http://mrkash.com/activities/ghanamaliempires.html (accessed April 7, 2013).
[xix] "History:The Mali Empire."
[xx] Thompson, Carol. 37
[xxi] "Mali Breakout - Geography."
[xxii] Thompson, Carol. 37
[xxiii] Khalil, Polyxeni
[xxiv] Thompson, Carol. 37
[xxv] Thompson, Carol. 37
[ii] Khalil, Polyxeni
[iii] Khalil, Polyxeni
[iv]Thompson, Carol. 30
[v] Thompson, Carol. 31
[vi] Thompson, Carol. 31
[vii] Thompson, Carol. 32-33
[viii] Thompson, Carol. 32
[ix] Thompson, Carol. 33
[x] Thompson, Carol. 35
[xi] Thompson, Carol. 36
[xii] Thompson, Carol. 36
[xiii] "History:The Mali Empire." Mali:Crossroads to Ancient Africa. http://mali.pwnet.org/history/history_mali_empire.htm (accessed April 7, 2013)
[xiv] Newman, Garfield, and Elizabeth Graham. 282-284.
[xv] "History:The Mali Empire."
[xvi]Donn. "Ancient African Kingdom of Mali ." Ancient & Modern Africa for Kids. http://africa.mrdonn.org/mali.html (accessed April 7, 2013).
[xvii] Thompson, Carol. 36-37
[xviii] Kash. "Empires of Ghana and Mali." Mr. Kash's History Page. http://mrkash.com/activities/ghanamaliempires.html (accessed April 7, 2013).
[xix] "History:The Mali Empire."
[xx] Thompson, Carol. 37
[xxi] "Mali Breakout - Geography."
[xxii] Thompson, Carol. 37
[xxiii] Khalil, Polyxeni
[xxiv] Thompson, Carol. 37
[xxv] Thompson, Carol. 37
The Decline
[i] Khalil, Polyxeni
[ii] Tesfu, Julianna.
[iii] Thompson, Carol. 50
[iv] Thompson, Carol. 50
[v] Thompson, Carol. 50-51
[vi] Thompson, Carol. 51
[vii] Tesfu, Julianna.
[viii] Gray. "Mr.Gray History." West Africa. mrgrayhistory.wikispaces.com/UNIT+5+-+WEST+AFRICA (accessed April 7, 2012).
[ix] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "History." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 28
[x]Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xiii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xiv] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xv] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xvi] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[ii] Tesfu, Julianna.
[iii] Thompson, Carol. 50
[iv] Thompson, Carol. 50
[v] Thompson, Carol. 50-51
[vi] Thompson, Carol. 51
[vii] Tesfu, Julianna.
[viii] Gray. "Mr.Gray History." West Africa. mrgrayhistory.wikispaces.com/UNIT+5+-+WEST+AFRICA (accessed April 7, 2012).
[ix] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "History." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 28
[x]Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xiii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xiv] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xv] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
[xvi] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 29
Mali Today
[i] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "Introduction." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 5
[ii] "Mali." Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107759.html (accessed April 7, 2013).
[iii] "Mali." Infoplease
[iv] "Mali." Infoplease
[v] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 5
[vi] "Mali." Infoplease
[vii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 5
[viii] "Mali country profile." BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13881370 (accessed April 7, 2013).
[ix] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "Malians." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 69
[x] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 69
[xi] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 69
[xii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 70
[xiii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 71-73
[xiv] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "Religion." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 97 & 99
[xv] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "Economy." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 47, 51, & 52
[ii] "Mali." Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107759.html (accessed April 7, 2013).
[iii] "Mali." Infoplease
[iv] "Mali." Infoplease
[v] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 5
[vi] "Mali." Infoplease
[vii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 5
[viii] "Mali country profile." BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13881370 (accessed April 7, 2013).
[ix] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "Malians." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 69
[x] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 69
[xi] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 69
[xii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 70
[xiii] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. 71-73
[xiv] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "Religion." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 97 & 99
[xv] Blauer, Ettagale, and Jason Lauré. "Economy." In Mali. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. 47, 51, & 52